Science Science Teacher Guide

Science Teacher Guide
Science
Teacher Guide
Grade 8

Standards Based

‘FREE ISSUE NOT FOR SALE’

Papua New Guinea
Department of Education 1

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Science Teacher Guide
Science
Teacher Guide
Grade 8
Standards Based
Department of Education
3

Grade 8

Issued free to schools by the Department of Education
Published in 2018 by the Department of Education
© Copyright 2018, Department of Education, Papua New Guinea
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted by any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior permission of the publisher.
ISBN: 978-9980-905-37-6
Graphic designed and layout by Rupuna Kepsy Pikita

Acknowledgement
The Grade 8 Teacher Guide was developed by the Curriculum Development Division of the Department of Education. The development of this Science Teacher Guide was coordinated by Emmanuel Edward Ragu with the assistance from the Science Subject Committee Group (SCG) members and the writing team.
The Department of Education acknowledges contributions from Teachers College Lecturers, Teachers, Standard Officers, resource persons from Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) and other stake holders. Syllabus Advisory Committee (SAC) and Basic Education Board of Studies (BEBoS) Committee members are also acknowledged for their recommendation and endorsement of this Teacher Guide.
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Contents

Science Teacher Guide

Secretary’s message.............................................................................................7 Introduction ..........................................................................................................8 Key features ..........................................................................................................3 Planning and programming....................................................................................34 Content overview .................................................................................................35 Content Background information ........................................................................50 Guided lesson samples.........................................................................................74 KSAVs for Grade 8 lessons .................................................................................113 Assessment and Reporting ................................................................................153 Resources ...........................................................................................................166 Glossary ..............................................................................................................167 Reference ...........................................................................................................168 Appendices .........................................................................................................169

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Grade 8
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The Papua New Guinea Department of Education embraced the challenge of creating Standards Based Curriculum in response to the Cuba Report and the Task force Recommendations 2012. This grade 8 Teacher Guide has been realigned, repositioned and replaced with standard based statements to improve knowledge, skills and competency in all domains of science including Life Science, Physical Science and Earth and Space. It has been designed with a view of making the students understand the basic scientific knowledge and skills in accordance with daily experience and prior knowledge about the environment and understanding of what is around them in a simple way thus will become the foundation of learning science at Grade 8. Teachers are encouraged to read this teacher guide book carefully and become familiar with the content prior using it so that they can be confident to try out new concepts and strategies and to teach the content well. They can also adjust to suit the needs of their students learning effectiveness. Teachers are also encouraged to make reference to the National Science Textbooks to effectively plan and teach their lessons. I wish every Grade 8 teachers in Papua New Guinea, every success in their teaching of Science. I commend and approve this Grade 8 Science Teacher Guide to be used in all Primary and Junior high Schools throughout Papua New Guinea.
.......................................... DR. UKE W. KOMBRA, PhD Secretary for Education
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Science Teacher Guide
Introduction
The Grade 8 Science Teacher Guide is developed as a support curriculum material for the Science syllabus for grade 6, 7 and 8 level. The information and guidelines provided in this book are translated from the content standards and benchmarks prescribed in the Grade 6, 7 and 8 Primary Science Syllabus into teachable activities. The suggested teaching and learning ideas provided are to assist you to plan quality science lessons and how to use benchmarks in relation to the attainment of standards. The content of this guide features the following sections: • key features of the subject • planning and programming • unit content background information for the teaching contents • guided lesson samples of the subject • Knowledge, skills, attitudes and values (KSAVs) for teachers to plan and teach • assessment and reporting of the subject and • resources and • appendices Purpose The main purpose is to implement the grade 8 Science content as prescribed in Syllabus to teach students in the classroom. This Teacher Guide must be used in conjunction with the Grades 6, 7 & 8 Syllabus. This teacher guide is intended to provide grade 8 teachers with guiding information about: • interpreting and translating the prescribed content into teachable program
plans • planning and developing teaching and learning activities for the achievement
of Content Standards and Benchmarks • how to use the suggested teaching and learning content to plan quality
science lessons • how to prepare active and interactive teaching and learning environment
using science teaching and learning strategies • creating assessment plan with rubrics to achieve identified content standards
and benchmarks How to use the Teacher Guide Teachers are encouraged to use this Teacher Guide as the main reference to plan and implement the Grade 8 contents as prescribed in the Grade 6, 7 and 8 Primary Science syllabus.
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Grade 8
Teachers should do the following before and when using this guide; • Read this teacher guide very carefully to understand the content and what will be required
for your classroom teaching • Read the syllabus and become familiar with strands, units, content standards and
benchmarks which are further expanded in this book. • Take note of science teaching and learning strategies, process and skills; and content
background information to improve and upskill your teaching pedagogy and content knowledge when teaching in the classroom. • Read and understand the structure and content of sample guided lessons. • Read and understand how the assessment plans and tasks are structured so that you can design appropriate assessment plans.
Figure 1.1: The organization chart above illustrates the link between the science syllabus and the teacher guide.
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Science Teacher Guide

Key

Features
The key features outlined in this section are identified as unique to Science are important in the planning and teaching of Science. The key features of Grades 6, 7 and 8 Science Curriculum emphasizes recommended knowledge and skills and processes and provide ideas on how to teach practical science and its theories with and without a laboratory and practical Science.

Working in a laboratory

1.1 Laboratory equipment

In the Science laboratory, there are many different pieces of equipment. Before students can begin experiment they need to be able to identify these items and know what they are used for. Students also need to be able to spell their names correctly, and draw them when they write report of experiments.
COMMON LABORATORY APPARATUS AND EQUIPPMENT
Test Tubes It is a cylindrical glass tube whose one end is open while the other closed end is curved outwards. There are different types of test tubes made of different types of glasses. Test tubes are available in different sizes. Test

Test tube stand or rack A test tube stand or rack is made up of steel, plastic or wood. It is used to keep test tubes. It has bars and holes to keep the test tubes in inverted or upright position respectively.

Test tube holder It is a metallic rod with plastic or wooden handle at one end and a clamp at the other end. It is used to hold a test tube either while heating a substance or when strong chemicals like acids or alkalis are poured into another apparatus.
Beaker It is an open glass container, cylindrical in shape, with a flat bottom and a lip for pouring. Beakers are available in a wide range of sizes and are made of different types of glasses. There are beakers with and without graduations. Beakers are used for stirring, mixing and heating solutions.
Round-bottom Flask It is a glass container with spherical bottom and a narrow cylindrical neck. It is generally used for heating solutions. The round bottom of the flask allows uniform heating and/or boiling of solutions. Round-bottom flasks are available in many sizes.
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Grade 8
Conical Flask A conical flask is also known as Erlenmeyer flask. It has a flat bottom, conical body and a cylindrical neck. It has markings on its outer surface to indicate the approximate volume of contents. It is often used to heat solutions and for titration experiments.
Glass Tubing/Tube It is a hollow piece of glass and is open at both the ends. It can be bent by heating to red hot over a non-luminous Bunsen flame, to transfer gases from one vessel to another.
Glass Rod It is also known as stirring rod. It is a solid glass tube. It is used to stir solutions in flasks and beakers.
Funnel A funnel has a conical-shaped mouth and a long tapering neck. It is used to pour liquids or channel fine grained substances into containers with a small mouth. It is available in various sizes and is usually made of glass or plastic.
China dish It is also called an evaporating dish. It is made of porcelain. It is used to evaporate liquids by heating. Pipette It is a long narrow tube with a nozzle at one end and a bulb in the middle. Nowadays, pipette with a rubber vacuum bulb is also available. A pipette is used to transfer a measured volume of liquid.
Measuring Cylinder It is also called graduated cylinder. It is a cylindrical graduated glass or plastic vessel with a flat bottom and lip for pouring. A measuring cylinder is used to measure a fixed volume of liquid.
Retort Stand It has a long iron rod fixed on a flat base. Clamps can be attached on the iron rod. It is used for holding apparatus such as round-bottom flasks or test tubes in a specific position.
Tripod Stand It has three legs and a triangular base in the middle. It is made of iron. A tripod stand is used for supporting apparatus while heating.
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