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N. Gregory Mankiw
Economics Principles of Sixth Edition
5
Elasticity and its Application
Premium PowerPoint
Slides by Ron Cronovich
In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions:
• What is elasticity? What kinds of issues can
elasticity help us understand?
• What is the price elasticity of demand?
How is it related to the demand curve? How is it related to revenue & expenditure?
• What is the price elasticity of supply?
How is it related to the supply curve?
• What are the income and cross-price elasticities
of demand?
1
A scenario…
You design websites for local businesses. You charge $200 per website, and currently sell 12 websites per month. Your costs are rising (including the opportunity cost of your time), so you consider raising the price to $250. The law of demand says that you won’t sell as many websites if you raise your price. How many fewer websites? How much will your revenue fall, or might it increase?
2
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Elasticity
§ Basic idea:
§ One type of elasticity measures how much demand for your websites will fall if you raise your price.
§ Definition: Elasticity is
3
Price Elasticity of Demand
Price elasticity of demand =
§ Price elasticity of demand measures
§ Loosely speaking, it measures
4
Price Elasticity of Demand
Example:
P
Price elasticity
of demand
equals
D
Q
5
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Price Elasticity of Demand
Along a D curve, P and Q move in opposite directions, which would make price elasticity negative. We will drop the minus sign and report all price elasticities as positive numbers.
6
Calculating Percentage Changes
P
$250 $200
Standard method
Demand for your websites
B
of computing the percentage (%) change:
end value – start value x 100% start value
A D Q
8 12
Going from A to B, the % change in P equals
($250–$200)/$200 = 25%
7
Calculating Percentage Changes
Problem:
P
$250 $200
Demand for your websites
B A D Q
8 12
From A to B, P rises 25%, Q falls 33%, elasticity = 33/25 = 1.33
From B to A, P falls 20%, Q rises 50%, elasticity = 50/20 = 2.50
8
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Calculating Percentage Changes
§ So, we instead use the midpoint method:
§ The midpoint is
§ It doesn’t matter which value you use as the
start and which as the end—you get the same answer either way!
9
Calculating Percentage Changes
§ Using the midpoint method, the % change in P equals
§ The % change in Q equals
§ The price elasticity of demand equals
10
1 A C T I V E L E A R N I N G
Calculate an elasticity
Use the following information to calculate the price elasticity of demand for hotel rooms: if P = $70, Qd = 5000 if P = $90, Qd = 3000
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
What determines price elasticity?
To learn the determinants of price elasticity, we look at a series of examples. Each compares two common goods. In each example:
§ Suppose the prices of both goods rise by 20%. § The good for which Qd falls the most (in percent)
has the highest price elasticity of demand. Which good is it? Why? § What lesson does the example teach us about the determinants of the price elasticity of demand?
13
EXAMPLE 1:
Breakfast Cereal vs. Sunscreen
§ The prices of both of these goods rise by 20%. For which good does Qd drop the most? Why?
§ Lesson:
14
EXAMPLE 2:
“Blue Jeans” vs. “Clothing”
§ The prices of both goods rise by 20%. For which good does Qd drop the most? Why?
§ Lesson: 15
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
EXAMPLE 3:
Insulin vs. Caribbean Cruises
§ The prices of both of these goods rise by 20%. For which good does Qd drop the most? Why?
§ Lesson:
16
EXAMPLE 4:
Gasoline in the Short Run vs. Gasoline in the Long Run
§ The price of gasoline rises 20%. Does Qd drop more in the short run or the long run? Why?
§ Lesson:
17
The Determinants of Price Elasticity: A Summary The price elasticity of demand depends on:
18
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
The Variety of Demand Curves
§ The price elasticity of demand is closely related to the slope of the demand curve.
§ Rule of thumb:
§ Five different classifications of D curves.…
19
“Perfectly inelastic demand” (one extreme case)
Price elasticity % change in Q
of demand
=
=
% change in P
D curve:
P
D
Consumers’
P1
price sensitivity:
Elasticity:
Q Q1
20
“Inelastic demand”
Price elasticity % change in Q
of demand
=
=
% change in P
D curve:
P
Consumers’ price sensitivity:
Elasticity:
P1
D Q
Q1
21
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
“Unit elastic demand”
Price elasticity % change in Q
of demand
=
=
% change in P
D curve:
P
Consumers’
P1
price sensitivity:
Elasticity:
Q1
D Q
22
“Elastic demand”
Price elasticity % change in Q
of demand
=
=
% change in P
D curve:
P
Consumers’
P1
price sensitivity:
Elasticity:
Q1
D Q
23
“Perfectly elastic demand” (the other extreme)
Price elasticity % change in Q
of demand
=
=
% change in P
D curve:
P
Consumers’
P2 = P1
D
price sensitivity:
Elasticity:
Q Q1
24
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
A few elasticities from the real world
Eggs
0.1
Healthcare
0.2
Rice
0.5
Housing
0.7
Beef
1.6
Restaurant meals
2.3
Mountain Dew
4.4
25
Elasticity of a Linear Demand Curve
P $30
20
10
$0
Q
0 20 40 60
The slope of a linear demand curve is constant, but its elasticity is not.
26
Price Elasticity and Total Revenue
§ Continuing our scenario, if you raise your price from $200 to $250, would your revenue rise or fall? Revenue = P x Q
§ A price increase has two effects on revenue:
§ Which of these two effects is bigger? It depends on the price elasticity of demand.
27
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Price Elasticity and Total Revenue
Price elasticity = of demand
Percentage change in Q Percentage change in P
Revenue = P x Q § If demand is elastic, then
28
Price Elasticity and Total Revenue
Elastic demand (elasticity = 1.8)
If P = $200, Q = 12 and revenue = ______
If P = $250, Q = 8 and revenue = ______
P
$250 $200
Demand for your websites
D
When D is elastic,
8
a price increase
causes revenue to __________.
Q 12
29
Price Elasticity and Total Revenue
Price elasticity = of demand
Percentage change in Q Percentage change in P
§ If demand is inelastic, then Revenue = P x Q
§ In our example, suppose that Q only falls to 10 (instead of 8) when you raise your price to $250. 30
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Economics Principles of Sixth Edition
5
Elasticity and its Application
Premium PowerPoint
Slides by Ron Cronovich
In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions:
• What is elasticity? What kinds of issues can
elasticity help us understand?
• What is the price elasticity of demand?
How is it related to the demand curve? How is it related to revenue & expenditure?
• What is the price elasticity of supply?
How is it related to the supply curve?
• What are the income and cross-price elasticities
of demand?
1
A scenario…
You design websites for local businesses. You charge $200 per website, and currently sell 12 websites per month. Your costs are rising (including the opportunity cost of your time), so you consider raising the price to $250. The law of demand says that you won’t sell as many websites if you raise your price. How many fewer websites? How much will your revenue fall, or might it increase?
2
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Elasticity
§ Basic idea:
§ One type of elasticity measures how much demand for your websites will fall if you raise your price.
§ Definition: Elasticity is
3
Price Elasticity of Demand
Price elasticity of demand =
§ Price elasticity of demand measures
§ Loosely speaking, it measures
4
Price Elasticity of Demand
Example:
P
Price elasticity
of demand
equals
D
Q
5
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Price Elasticity of Demand
Along a D curve, P and Q move in opposite directions, which would make price elasticity negative. We will drop the minus sign and report all price elasticities as positive numbers.
6
Calculating Percentage Changes
P
$250 $200
Standard method
Demand for your websites
B
of computing the percentage (%) change:
end value – start value x 100% start value
A D Q
8 12
Going from A to B, the % change in P equals
($250–$200)/$200 = 25%
7
Calculating Percentage Changes
Problem:
P
$250 $200
Demand for your websites
B A D Q
8 12
From A to B, P rises 25%, Q falls 33%, elasticity = 33/25 = 1.33
From B to A, P falls 20%, Q rises 50%, elasticity = 50/20 = 2.50
8
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Calculating Percentage Changes
§ So, we instead use the midpoint method:
§ The midpoint is
§ It doesn’t matter which value you use as the
start and which as the end—you get the same answer either way!
9
Calculating Percentage Changes
§ Using the midpoint method, the % change in P equals
§ The % change in Q equals
§ The price elasticity of demand equals
10
1 A C T I V E L E A R N I N G
Calculate an elasticity
Use the following information to calculate the price elasticity of demand for hotel rooms: if P = $70, Qd = 5000 if P = $90, Qd = 3000
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
What determines price elasticity?
To learn the determinants of price elasticity, we look at a series of examples. Each compares two common goods. In each example:
§ Suppose the prices of both goods rise by 20%. § The good for which Qd falls the most (in percent)
has the highest price elasticity of demand. Which good is it? Why? § What lesson does the example teach us about the determinants of the price elasticity of demand?
13
EXAMPLE 1:
Breakfast Cereal vs. Sunscreen
§ The prices of both of these goods rise by 20%. For which good does Qd drop the most? Why?
§ Lesson:
14
EXAMPLE 2:
“Blue Jeans” vs. “Clothing”
§ The prices of both goods rise by 20%. For which good does Qd drop the most? Why?
§ Lesson: 15
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
EXAMPLE 3:
Insulin vs. Caribbean Cruises
§ The prices of both of these goods rise by 20%. For which good does Qd drop the most? Why?
§ Lesson:
16
EXAMPLE 4:
Gasoline in the Short Run vs. Gasoline in the Long Run
§ The price of gasoline rises 20%. Does Qd drop more in the short run or the long run? Why?
§ Lesson:
17
The Determinants of Price Elasticity: A Summary The price elasticity of demand depends on:
18
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
The Variety of Demand Curves
§ The price elasticity of demand is closely related to the slope of the demand curve.
§ Rule of thumb:
§ Five different classifications of D curves.…
19
“Perfectly inelastic demand” (one extreme case)
Price elasticity % change in Q
of demand
=
=
% change in P
D curve:
P
D
Consumers’
P1
price sensitivity:
Elasticity:
Q Q1
20
“Inelastic demand”
Price elasticity % change in Q
of demand
=
=
% change in P
D curve:
P
Consumers’ price sensitivity:
Elasticity:
P1
D Q
Q1
21
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
“Unit elastic demand”
Price elasticity % change in Q
of demand
=
=
% change in P
D curve:
P
Consumers’
P1
price sensitivity:
Elasticity:
Q1
D Q
22
“Elastic demand”
Price elasticity % change in Q
of demand
=
=
% change in P
D curve:
P
Consumers’
P1
price sensitivity:
Elasticity:
Q1
D Q
23
“Perfectly elastic demand” (the other extreme)
Price elasticity % change in Q
of demand
=
=
% change in P
D curve:
P
Consumers’
P2 = P1
D
price sensitivity:
Elasticity:
Q Q1
24
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
A few elasticities from the real world
Eggs
0.1
Healthcare
0.2
Rice
0.5
Housing
0.7
Beef
1.6
Restaurant meals
2.3
Mountain Dew
4.4
25
Elasticity of a Linear Demand Curve
P $30
20
10
$0
Q
0 20 40 60
The slope of a linear demand curve is constant, but its elasticity is not.
26
Price Elasticity and Total Revenue
§ Continuing our scenario, if you raise your price from $200 to $250, would your revenue rise or fall? Revenue = P x Q
§ A price increase has two effects on revenue:
§ Which of these two effects is bigger? It depends on the price elasticity of demand.
27
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Price Elasticity and Total Revenue
Price elasticity = of demand
Percentage change in Q Percentage change in P
Revenue = P x Q § If demand is elastic, then
28
Price Elasticity and Total Revenue
Elastic demand (elasticity = 1.8)
If P = $200, Q = 12 and revenue = ______
If P = $250, Q = 8 and revenue = ______
P
$250 $200
Demand for your websites
D
When D is elastic,
8
a price increase
causes revenue to __________.
Q 12
29
Price Elasticity and Total Revenue
Price elasticity = of demand
Percentage change in Q Percentage change in P
§ If demand is inelastic, then Revenue = P x Q
§ In our example, suppose that Q only falls to 10 (instead of 8) when you raise your price to $250. 30
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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