Cell Biology, Molecular Biology And Biotechnology

BSCBO- 301 B.Sc. III YEAR
Cell Biology, Molecular Biology And
Biotechnology
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY SCHOOL OF SCIENCES
UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY

CELL BIOLOGY, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

BSCBO-301
BSCBO-301

CELL BIOLOGY, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY
Phone No. 05946-261122, 261123 Toll free No. 18001804025
Fax No. 05946-264232, E. mail [email protected] htpp://uou.ac.in

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CELL BIOLOGY, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

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Prof. J. C. Ghildiyal Retired Principal Government PG College Karnprayag

Expert Committee
Prof. G.S. Rajwar Principal Government PG College Augustmuni

Prof. Lalit Tewari Department of Botany DSB Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital

Dr. Hemant Kandpal School of Health Science Uttarakhand Open University Haldwani

Dr. Pooja Juyal Department of Botany School of Sciences Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani

Prof. Y. S. Rawat Department of Botany DSB Campus, Kumoun University Nainital

Board of Studies
Prof. C.M. Sharma Department of Botany HNB Garhwal Central University, Srinagar

Prof. R.C. Dubey Head, Department of Botany Gurukul Kangri University Haridwar

Prof. P.D.Pant Director I/C, School of Sciences Uttarakhand Open University Haldwani

Dr. Pooja Juyal Department of Botany School of Sciences Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani

Dr. Pooja Juyal Department of Botany School of Sciences Uttarakhand Open University Haldwani, Nainital

Programme Coordinator

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Unit Written By:

Unit No.

1. Dr. Atal Bihari Bajpai Associate Professor, Department of Botany, DBS PG College, Dehradun
2- Dr. Nishesh Sharma Asst. Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Uttaranchal College of Applied and Life Science Uttaranchal University, Dehradun
3-Dr. Anil Bisht Asst. Professor, Department of Botany, DSB Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital

1 & 2 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 & 8 9, 10, 11 & 12

Dr. Gulshan Kumar Dhingra Associate Professor, Department of Botany Pt. LMS PG College Rishikesh, Uttarakhand

Course Editor

Title ISBN No. Copyright Edition

: Cell Biology, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology : 978-93-90845-38-5 : Uttarakhand Open University : 2021

Published By: Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani, Nainital-263139

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CELL BIOLOGY, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
BLOCK-1 CELL BIOLOGY CONTENTS
Unit-1 The Cell Unit-2 Structures and Functions of Cell Organelles Unit-3 Structure and Types of Chromosomes Unit-4 Cell Division
BLOCK-2 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Unit -5 Structure and Composition of DNA Unit-6 Structure and Composition of RNA Unit-7 Modern Concept of Gene and Genetic code Unit-8 Protein synthesis and Gene regulation of Protein synthesis
BLOCK-3 BIOTECHNOLOGY
Unit-9 Recombinant DNA Unit-10 Genetic Engineering Unit-11 Biotechnology Unit-12 Plant Tissue Culture

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6- 44 45-84 85-114 115-144
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146-178 179-207 208-245 246-276
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278-314 315-349 350-377 378-417

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BLOCK-1 CELL BIOLOGY

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CELL BIOLOGY, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
UNIT-1THE CELL
1.1-Objectives 1.2-Introduction 1.3-Historical background 1.4-Cell theory 1.5- Size and structure of cell 1.6-Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell 1.7- Glossary 1.8-Self Assessment Question 1.9- References 1.10-Suggested Readings 1.11-Terminal Questions

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CELL BIOLOGY, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
1.1 OBJECTIVES

BSCBO-301

After reading this unit student will be able to understand about the advancements in cell biology  brief idea about the great diversity shown by cells in their shapes and sizes  Also, to give an outline information about structures and purposes of basic components of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.  to know how the cellular components are arranged in both types of cell.

1.2 INTRODUCTION

The basic structural and functional unit of cellular organization is the cell. Within a selective and relative semi permeable membrane, it contains a complete set of different kinds of units necessary to permit its own growth and reproduction from simple nutrients. All organisms, more complex than viruses, consist of cells, yet they consist of a strand of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protective protein coat (the capsid). The word cell is derived from the Latin word cellula, which means small compartment. Hooke published his findings in his famous work, Micrographia. Actually, he only observed cell walls because cork cells are dead and without cytoplasmic contents. A.G. Loewy and P. Siekevitz have defined cell as ―A unit of biological activity delimited by a semi permeable membrane and capable of self reproduction in a medium free of other living organisms‖. John Paul has defined the cell as ―The simplest integrated organization in living systems, capable of independent survival‖.
On the basis of internal organization and architecture, all cells can be subdivided into two major classes, prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. Cells which have the unit membrane bound nuclei are called eukaryotic, whereas cells that lack a membrane bound nucleus are prokaryotic. Besides the nucleus, the eukaryotic cells have other membrane bound organelles (small organs) like the Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, Lysosomes, Mitochondria, Microbodies and Vacuoles. The prokaryotic cells lack such unit membrane bound organelles.

1.3 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Ancient Greek philosophers such as Aristotle 384-322 B.C and Paracelsus concluded that ―All animals and plants, however, complicated, are constituted of a few elements which are repeated in each of them‖. They were referring to macroscopic structures of an organism such as roots, leaves and flowers common to different plants, or segments and organs that are repeated in the animal kingdom. Many centuries later, owing to the invention of magnifying lenses, the world of microscopic dimensions was discovered. Da Vinci (1485) recommended the uses of lenses in viewing small objects. In 1558, Swiss biologist, Conard Gesner (1516-1565) published results on

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his studies on the structure of a group of protists called foraminifera. His sketches of these protozoa included so many details that they could only have been made if he had used form of magnifying lenses. Perhaps, this is earliest recorded use of a magnifying instrument in a biological study.

Further growth and development of cell biology are intimately associated with the development of optical lenses and to the combination of these lenses in the construction of the compound microscope. Thus, the invention of the microscope and its gradual improvement went hand-in-hand with the development of cell biology.

Growth of Cell Biology during 16th and 18th Centuries
The first useful compound microscope was invented in 1590 by Francis Janssen and Zacharias Janssen. Their microscope had two lenses and total magnifying power between 10X and 30X. Such types of microscopes were called ―flea glasses", since they were primarily used to examine small whole organisms such as fleas and other insects. In 1610, an Italian Galileo Galilei (15641642) invented a simple microscope having only one magnifying lens. This microscope was used to study the arrangement of the facets in compound eye of insects.
The Italian microanatomist Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694) was among the first to use a microscope to examine and describe thin slices of animal tissues from such organs as the brain, liver, kidney, spleen, lungs and tongue. He also studied plant tissues and suggested that they were composed of structural units that he called ―utricles‖. An English microscopist Robert Hooke (1635-1703) is credited with coining the term cell in 1665. He examined a thin slice cut from a piece of dried cork under the compound microscopes which were built by him.

Fig. 1.1: Hooke's compound microscope
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1.4 CELL THEORY
In biology, cell theory is a scientific theory which describes the properties of cells. These cells are the basic unit of structure in all organisms and also the basic unit of reproduction. With continual improvements made to microscopes over time, magnification technology advanced enough to discover cells in the 17th century. This discovery is largely attributed to Robert Hooke, and began the scientific study of cells, also known as cell biology. Over a century later, many debates about cells began amongst scientists. Most of these debates involved the nature of cellular regeneration, and the idea of cells as a fundamental unit of life.

Fig.1.2 Mathias Jakob Schleiden (1804–1881)

Fig.1.3 Theodor Schwann (1810–1882)

Matthias Jakob Schleiden (5 April 1804 – 23 June 1881) was a German botanist and cofounder of cell theory, along with Theodor Schwann (7 December 1810 – 11 January 1882) a German physiologist and Rudolf Ludwig Carl Virchow (13 October 1821 – 5 September 1902) was a German physician, anthropologist, pathologist, prehistorian, biologist, writer, editor, and politician, known for his advancement of public health. Credit for developing cell theory is usually given to these scientists- Schleiden and Schwann. While Rudolf Virchow contributed to the theory, he is not as credited for his attributions toward it. In 1838, Schleiden suggested that every structural part of a plant was made up of cells or the result of cells. He also suggested that cells were made by a crystallization process either within other cells or from the outside. However, this was not an original idea of Schlieden. He claimed this theory as his own, though Barthelemy Dumortier had stated it years before him. This crystallization process is no longer accepted with modern cell theory. In 1839, Theodor Schwann states that along with plants, animals are composed of cells or the product of cells in their structures. This was a major advancement in the field of biology since little was known about animal structure up to this point

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